Projective Aspects 投射方面 The mechanisms of externalization and projection—particularly superego projections—have been carefully documented(Tuovinen,1970). Prior to the activation of homicidal impulses and the acting out of the impulses, there is a regressive process in which oedipal murderous impulses are reactivated, and there is a form of superego regression to identification with the aggressor. Threats to the ego, usually stemming from the superego, are projected to the outside world and can there be attacked and destroyed. When the hated and feared object has been destroyed, the homicidal ego then returns to the same depressive state involving diffuse murderous rage and persecutory guilt which exercises its destructive effect within, and which it attempted to escape by the original projection. The projection is not limited, however, to the homicidal episode—it nonetheless forms a characteristic pattern of defense for such personalities. Projection usually takes the form of a readiness to see injustice, of which the criminal feels himself the victim. Nonetheless the acute and intense projection which accompanies the homicidal attempt can be seen as an attempt to salvage the integrity of the personality which is so severely threatened from within. 外化和投射的机制——特别是超我投射——已经被仔细地记录下来(Tuovinen,1970)。在杀人冲动的激活和冲动的行动之前，有一个退行过程，在这个过程中，俄狄浦斯情结的杀人冲动被重新激活，超我退行到对侵略者的认同。对自我的威胁，通常来自于超我，被投射到外部世界，那里可以被攻击和摧毁。当被憎恨和恐惧的客体被摧毁后，杀人的自我就会回到同样的抑郁状态，包括弥漫性的暴怒和迫害内疚感，这些情绪会在内部发挥其破坏性的作用，这正是自我试图通过最初的投射来逃避的。然而，这种投射并不局限于凶杀情节——尽管如此，它还是形成了这种人格的一种典型的防御模式。投射的形式通常是准备看到不公正，罪犯觉得自己是不公正的受害者。尽管如此，与杀人企图相伴而来的尖锐和强烈的投射，可以被看作是一种挽救人格完整性的企图，这种人格完整性从内部受到了如此严重的威胁。